linux – mount:mounting /dev/sda1 on /boot/efi failed: No such device

Are you using a packaged Debian standard kernel, or your customized one?

If a customized kernel, do you have the driver for the vfat filesystem type available?

Since the root filesystem (/dev/sda3) and the /boot filesystem (/dev/sda2) are getting successfully mounted, you now have drivers for your disk controller, disk, partitioning scheme and ext4 filesystems successfully loaded. But the /dev/sda1 (the EFI System Partition, to be mounted to /boot/efi) uses a different filesystem type.

I also note the message mount: mounting /run at /root/run failed: No such file or directory. At that point, the initramfs script is trying to mount the /run tmpfs filesystem to /root/run i.e. what will be the real /run once the script switches away from initramfs to the real root filesystem. Maybe your root filesystem does not include an empty /run directory that would act as a mount point for the RAM-based tmpfs filesystem?