boot – Windows 11 Intel NUC keeps corrupting EFI partition

First, Windows 11 does not corrupt the EFI partition on a good machine. Three here, for as long as Windows 11 has been out.

Get the Disk Manufacturer’s hardware diagnostic and test the SSD.

I would say a bad SSD (or its controller) is the most likely issue.

Also use Intel’s hardware diagnostics to test the entire machine.

SSD or mainboard – there does appear to be a hardware issue.

You can try backing up and reinstalling Windows 11, but from your description, I do not think that is the issue.