Representative waveforms observed during aphid feeding. The top panel shows a full EPG recording of 8 h (28,800 s). The following panels display segmented waveforms corresponding to seven distinct aphid feeding behaviors. The non-probing phase (NP) is typically flat (0 mV) with occasional noisy peaks. The pathway phase (C) includes a range of complex behaviors, with the pd phase occuring within it. The sieve element phase consists of E1 and E2, while the derailed stylet (F) and xylem phase (G) are characterized by unique waveform shapes and frequencies/periods. Note that waveform patterns may vary by aphid species, host plant(s), and environmental conditions of the experiment.